{
  "meta": {
    "derniere_revision": "2026-08-23",
    "licence": "CC BY 4.0",
    "description": {
      "fr": "Observatoire des langues africaines — Umuzi. Chaque langue est documentée sur cinq axes. Aucune donnée n'est extrapolée.",
      "en": "African languages observatory — Umuzi. Each language is documented across five axes. No data is extrapolated."
    }
  },
  "langues": [
    {
      "id": "swahili",
      "identite": {
        "nom_fr": "Swahili",
        "endonyme": "Kiswahili",
        "iso639_3": "swh",
        "famille": {
          "phylum": "Nigro-congolais",
          "branche": "Bantou",
          "groupe_guthrie": "G40-G42"
        },
        "aires": ["KE", "TZ", "UG", "RW", "CD", "BI", "MZ", "SO", "MG"]
      },
      "statut": [
        {
          "pays": "KE",
          "statut": "langue officielle",
          "annee": 2010
        },
        {
          "pays": "TZ",
          "statut": "langue nationale et officielle",
          "annee": 1967
        },
        {
          "pays": "UG",
          "statut": "langue officielle",
          "annee": 2005
        },
        {
          "pays": "RW",
          "statut": "langue officielle",
          "annee": 2003
        },
        {
          "pays": "CD",
          "statut": "langue nationale",
          "annee": null
        },
        {
          "pays": "AF",
          "organisation": "Union africaine",
          "statut": "langue de travail",
          "annee": 2004
        }
      ],
      "ecritures": [
        {
          "systeme": "Latin",
          "usage": "dominant, administratif, éducatif",
          "annee": null
        },
        {
          "systeme": "Arabe",
          "usage": "religieux, historique (script ajami)",
          "annee": null
        }
      ],
      "axes": {
        "vitalite": {
          "confiance": "haute",
          "valeur": 5,
          "source": "Ethnologue",
          "source_url": "https://www.ethnologue.com/language/swh",
          "note": {
            "fr": "Environ 100 millions de locuteurs L2. Langue véhiculaire majeure en Afrique de l'Est.",
            "en": "Around 100 million L2 speakers. Major lingua franca in East Africa."
          }
        },
        "rayonnement": {
          "confiance": "haute",
          "valeur": 5,
          "source": "ONU, Union africaine",
          "source_url": null,
          "note": {
            "fr": "Langue officielle de l'UA depuis 2004, utilisée dans les institutions onusiennes.",
            "en": "Official language of the AU since 2004, used in UN institutions."
          }
        },
        "carrefour": {
          "confiance": "haute",
          "valeur": 5,
          "source": "Ethnologue, publication académique",
          "source_url": null,
          "note": {
            "fr": "Lingua franca de l'Afrique de l'Est, langue de coordination humanitaire.",
            "en": "East African lingua franca, humanitarian coordination language."
          }
        },
        "patrimoine_ecrit": {
          "confiance": "haute",
          "valeur": 4,
          "source": "Université de Dar es Salaam",
          "source_url": null,
          "note": {
            "fr": "Littérature abondante, écriture en lettres arabes depuis le XVIIe siècle.",
            "en": "Abundant literature, Arabic-script writing since the 17th century."
          }
        },
        "presence_moderne": {
          "confiance": "haute",
          "valeur": {
            "wikipedia": true,
            "medias_internationaux": true,
            "traduction_auto": true,
            "tts_asr": true,
            "corpus_ouverts": true
          },
          "source": "Wikipedia, Google, Common Voice",
          "source_url": null,
          "note": {
            "fr": "Présence numérique forte : Wikipedia, traduction Google, ASR.",
            "en": "Strong digital presence: Wikipedia, Google translation, ASR."
          }
        }
      },
      "dates": [
        {
          "date": "2004-07-01",
          "precision": "jour",
          "intitule": "Le swahili devient langue officielle de l'Union africaine",
          "portee": "Union africaine",
          "source": "Charte constitutive de l'UA",
          "source_url": "https://au.int/en/treaties/constitutive-act",
          "verification": "verifie"
        }
      ],
      "episode": {
        "numero": null,
        "invite": null,
        "statut": "prevu",
        "url": null
      },
      "lacunes": [],
      "derniere_revision": "2026-08-23"
    },
    {
      "id": "amharique",
      "identite": {
        "nom_fr": "Amharique",
        "endonyme": "አማርኛ",
        "iso639_3": "amh",
        "famille": {
          "phylum": "Afro-asiatique",
          "branche": "Sémitique",
          "groupe_guthrie": null
        },
        "aires": ["ET"]
      },
      "statut": [
        {
          "pays": "ET",
          "statut": "langue officielle de travail",
          "annee": 1955
        }
      ],
      "ecritures": [
        {
          "systeme": "Ge'ez (fidèle)",
          "usage": "dominant, administratif, littéraire, religieux",
          "annee": null
        }
      ],
      "axes": {
        "vitalite": {
          "confiance": "haute",
          "valeur": 5,
          "source": "Ethnologue",
          "source_url": "https://www.ethnologue.com/language/amh",
          "note": {
            "fr": "Plus de 50 millions de locuteurs. Langue la plus parlée en Éthiopie.",
            "en": "Over 50 million speakers. Most spoken language in Ethiopia."
          }
        },
        "rayonnement": {
          "confiance": "haute",
          "valeur": 3,
          "source": "Gouvernement éthiopien",
          "source_url": null,
          "note": {
            "fr": "Langue officielle en Éthiopie, mais faible rayonnement international.",
            "en": "Official language in Ethiopia, but limited international reach."
          }
        },
        "carrefour": {
          "confiance": "moyenne",
          "valeur": 3,
          "source": "Ethnologue",
          "source_url": null,
          "note": {
            "fr": "Lingua franca en Éthiopie, utilisée dans l'administration et les médias.",
            "en": "Lingua franca in Ethiopia, used in administration and media."
          }
        },
        "patrimoine_ecrit": {
          "confiance": "haute",
          "valeur": 5,
          "source": "UNESCO",
          "source_url": null,
          "note": {
            "fr": "Écriture Ge'ez vieille de plus de 2000 ans. Littérature ecclésiastique et laïque abondante.",
            "en": "Ge'ez script over 2000 years old. Abundant ecclesiastical and secular literature."
          }
        },
        "presence_moderne": {
          "confiance": "moyenne",
          "valeur": {
            "wikipedia": true,
            "medias_internationaux": false,
            "traduction_auto": true,
            "tts_asr": false,
            "corpus_ouverts": false
          },
          "source": "Wikipedia, Google",
          "source_url": null,
          "note": {
            "fr": "Wikipedia et traduction Google disponibles, mais outillage vocal et corpus ouverts limités.",
            "en": "Wikipedia and Google translation available, but limited voice tooling and open corpora."
          }
        }
      },
      "dates": [
        {
          "date": "1955-01-01",
          "precision": "annee",
          "intitule": "L'amharique devient langue officielle de travail de l'Éthiopie",
          "portee": "nationale",
          "source": "Constitution éthiopienne",
          "source_url": null,
          "verification": "a_verifier"
        }
      ],
      "episode": {
        "numero": null,
        "invite": null,
        "statut": "prevu",
        "url": null
      },
      "lacunes": [],
      "derniere_revision": "2026-08-23"
    },
    {
      "id": "haoussa",
      "identite": {
        "nom_fr": "Haoussa",
        "endonyme": "Hausa",
        "iso639_3": "hau",
        "famille": {
          "phylum": "Afro-asiatique",
          "branche": "Chadique",
          "groupe_guthrie": "A.3"
        },
        "aires": ["NG", "NE", "GH", "CM", "TD", "BJ"]
      },
      "statut": [
        {
          "pays": "NG",
          "statut": "langue officielle",
          "annee": 1979
        },
        {
          "pays": "NE",
          "statut": "langue nationale",
          "annee": null
        }
      ],
      "ecritures": [
        {
          "systeme": "Latin",
          "usage": "dominant, administratif",
          "annee": null
        },
        {
          "systeme": "Arabe (ajami)",
          "usage": "religieux, commerçant",
          "annee": null
        }
      ],
      "axes": {
        "vitalite": {
          "confiance": "haute",
          "valeur": 5,
          "source": "Ethnologue",
          "source_url": "https://www.ethnologue.com/language/hau",
          "note": {
            "fr": "Environ 80 millions de locuteurs. Langue la plus parlée en Afrique de l'Ouest.",
            "en": "Around 80 million speakers. Most spoken language in West Africa."
          }
        },
        "rayonnement": {
          "confiance": "moyenne",
          "valeur": 3,
          "source": "Gouvernements nigérian et nigérien",
          "source_url": null,
          "note": {
            "fr": "Langue officielle au Nigeria, nationale au Niger, mais faible présence dans les institutions panafricaines.",
            "en": "Official language in Nigeria, national in Niger, but limited presence in pan-African institutions."
          }
        },
        "carrefour": {
          "confiance": "haute",
          "valeur": 4,
          "source": "Ethnologue",
          "source_url": null,
          "note": {
            "fr": "Lingua franca majeure au Sahel, langue de commerce transsaharien.",
            "en": "Major Sahelian lingua franca, trans-Saharan trade language."
          }
        },
        "patrimoine_ecrit": {
          "confiance": "moyenne",
          "valeur": 3,
          "source": "Publication académique",
          "source_url": null,
          "note": {
            "fr": "Écriture ajami depuis le XVIe siècle, littérature religieuse et colonies haoussa.",
            "en": "Ajami script since the 16th century, religious literature and Hausa city-states."
          }
        },
        "presence_moderne": {
          "confiance": "moyenne",
          "valeur": {
            "wikipedia": true,
            "medias_internationaux": false,
            "traduction_auto": true,
            "tts_asr": false,
            "corpus_ouverts": false
          },
          "source": "Wikipedia, Google",
          "source_url": null,
          "note": {
            "fr": "Wikipedia et Google traduction disponibles, mais outillage vocal et corpus ouverts limités.",
            "en": "Wikipedia and Google translation available, but limited voice tooling and open corpora."
          }
        }
      },
      "dates": [],
      "episode": {
        "numero": null,
        "invite": null,
        "statut": "prevu",
        "url": null
      },
      "lacunes": [
        {
          "fr": "Absence de données vérifiées sur les écritures ajami dans les médias numériques",
          "en": "No verified data on ajami scripts in digital media"
        }
      ],
      "derniere_revision": "2026-08-23"
    },
    {
      "id": "yoruba",
      "identite": {
        "nom_fr": "Yoruba",
        "endonyme": "Èdè Yorùbá",
        "iso639_3": "yor",
        "famille": {
          "phylum": "Nigro-congolais",
          "branche": "Volta-Niger",
          "groupe_guthrie": "E50-E54"
        },
        "aires": ["NG", "BJ", "TG"]
      },
      "statut": [
        {
          "pays": "BJ",
          "statut": "langue nationale",
          "annee": null
        },
        {
          "pays": "NG",
          "statut": "langue officielle",
          "annee": 1979
        }
      ],
      "ecritures": [
        {
          "systeme": "Latin",
          "usage": "dominant, administratif, éducatif",
          "annee": null
        }
      ],
      "axes": {
        "vitalite": {
          "confiance": "haute",
          "valeur": 4,
          "source": "Ethnologue",
          "source_url": "https://www.ethnologue.com/language/yor",
          "note": {
            "fr": "Environ 45 millions de locuteurs. Important foyer culturel au Nigeria et au Bénin.",
            "en": "Around 45 million speakers. Important cultural hub in Nigeria and Benin."
          }
        },
        "rayonnement": {
          "confiance": "moyenne",
          "valeur": 3,
          "source": "Publication académique",
          "source_url": null,
          "note": {
            "fr": "Rayonnement culturel fort (Nollywood, religion Yoruba), mais faible présence institutionnelle panafricaine.",
            "en": "Strong cultural reach (Nollywood, Yoruba religion), but limited pan-African institutional presence."
          }
        },
        "carrefour": {
          "confiance": "moyenne",
          "valeur": 3,
          "source": "Ethnologue",
          "source_url": null,
          "note": {
            "fr": "Lingua franca régionale au sud-ouest du Nigeria et au Bénin.",
            "en": "Regional lingua franca in southwestern Nigeria and Benin."
          }
        },
        "patrimoine_ecrit": {
          "confiance": "moyenne",
          "valeur": 3,
          "source": "Publication académique",
          "source_url": null,
          "note": {
            "fr": "Écriture latine tonale mise au point par les missionnaires, littérature orale et écrite vivante.",
            "en": "Tonal Latin script developed by missionaries, living oral and written literature."
          }
        },
        "presence_moderne": {
          "confiance": "moyenne",
          "valeur": {
            "wikipedia": true,
            "medias_internationaux": false,
            "traduction_auto": true,
            "tts_asr": false,
            "corpus_ouverts": false
          },
          "source": "Wikipedia, Google",
          "source_url": null,
          "note": {
            "fr": "Wikipedia et Google traduction disponibles, mais outillage vocal et corpus ouverts limités.",
            "en": "Wikipedia and Google translation available, but limited voice tooling and open corpora."
          }
        }
      },
      "dates": [],
      "episode": {
        "numero": null,
        "invite": null,
        "statut": "prevu",
        "url": null
      },
      "lacunes": [
        {
          "fr": "Pas de donnée vérifiée sur les médias internationaux en langue yoruba",
          "en": "No verified data on international media in Yoruba"
        }
      ],
      "derniere_revision": "2026-08-23"
    },
    {
      "id": "lingala",
      "identite": {
        "nom_fr": "Lingala",
        "endonyme": "Lingála",
        "iso639_3": "lin",
        "famille": {
          "phylum": "Nigro-congolais",
          "branche": "Bantou",
          "groupe_guthrie": "H10-H16"
        },
        "aires": ["CD", "CG", "AO", "CF"]
      },
      "statut": [
        {
          "pays": "CD",
          "statut": "langue nationale",
          "annee": 1966
        },
        {
          "pays": "CG",
          "statut": "langue nationale",
          "annee": 1966
        }
      ],
      "ecritures": [
        {
          "systeme": "Latin",
          "usage": "dominant, administratif, médias",
          "annee": null
        }
      ],
      "axes": {
        "vitalite": {
          "confiance": "haute",
          "valeur": 4,
          "source": "Ethnologue",
          "source_url": "https://www.ethnologue.com/language/lin",
          "note": {
            "fr": "Environ 30 millions de locuteurs. Lingua franca de Kinshasa et Brazzaville.",
            "en": "Around 30 million speakers. Lingua franca of Kinshasa and Brazzaville."
          }
        },
        "rayonnement": {
          "confiance": "moyenne",
          "valeur": 3,
          "source": "Ethnologue",
          "source_url": null,
          "note": {
            "fr": "Rayonnement musical fort (rumba congolaise), faible présence institutionnelle au-delà du bassin du fleuve Congo.",
            "en": "Strong musical reach (Congolese rumba), limited institutional presence beyond the Congo River basin."
          }
        },
        "carrefour": {
          "confiance": "haute",
          "valeur": 4,
          "source": "Ethnologue",
          "source_url": null,
          "note": {
            "fr": "Langue véhiculaire du bassin du Congo, utilisée dans l'armée et l'administration.",
            "en": "Vehicular language of the Congo basin, used in the army and administration."
          }
        },
        "patrimoine_ecrit": {
          "confiance": "moyenne",
          "valeur": 2,
          "source": "Publication académique",
          "source_url": null,
          "note": {
            "fr": "Écriture latine standardisée par les missionnaires, peu de littérature ancienne.",
            "en": "Latin script standardized by missionaries, limited ancient literature."
          }
        },
        "presence_moderne": {
          "confiance": "moyenne",
          "valeur": {
            "wikipedia": true,
            "medias_internationaux": false,
            "traduction_auto": false,
            "tts_asr": false,
            "corpus_ouverts": false
          },
          "source": "Wikipedia",
          "source_url": null,
          "note": {
            "fr": "Wikipedia disponible, mais traduction automatique, outillage vocal et corpus ouverts absents.",
            "en": "Wikipedia available, but automated translation, voice tooling and open corpora absent."
          }
        }
      },
      "dates": [],
      "episode": {
        "numero": null,
        "invite": null,
        "statut": "prevu",
        "url": null
      },
      "lacunes": [
        {
          "fr": "Pas de donnée vérifiée sur les corpus ouverts en lingala",
          "en": "No verified data on open corpora in Lingala"
        }
      ],
      "derniere_revision": "2026-08-23"
    },
    {
      "id": "kikongo",
      "identite": {
        "nom_fr": "Kikongo",
        "endonyme": "Kikongo",
        "iso639_3": "kon",
        "famille": {
          "phylum": "Nigro-congolais",
          "branche": "Bantou",
          "groupe_guthrie": "H10-H16"
        },
        "aires": ["CD", "CG", "AO", "GA"]
      },
      "statut": [
        {
          "pays": "CG",
          "statut": "langue nationale",
          "annee": null
        },
        {
          "pays": "AO",
          "statut": "langue nationale",
          "annee": null
        }
      ],
      "ecritures": [
        {
          "systeme": "Latin",
          "usage": "dominant, religieux, littéraire",
          "annee": null
        },
        {
          "systeme": "Kikongo ya leta",
          "usage": "créole administratif historique",
          "annee": null
        }
      ],
      "axes": {
        "vitalite": {
          "confiance": "moyenne",
          "valeur": 3,
          "source": "Ethnologue",
          "source_url": "https://www.ethnologue.com/language/kon",
          "note": {
            "fr": "Environ 7 millions de locuteurs. Le kituba (kikongo ya leta) est plus utilisé comme lingua franca.",
            "en": "Around 7 million speakers. Kituba (kikongo ya leta) is more widely used as a lingua franca."
          }
        },
        "rayonnement": {
          "confiance": "moyenne",
          "valeur": 2,
          "source": "Ethnologue",
          "source_url": null,
          "note": {
            "fr": "Rayonnement historique lié à la traite transatlantique, mais faible présence moderne.",
            "en": "Historical reach linked to the Atlantic slave trade, but limited modern presence."
          }
        },
        "carrefour": {
          "confiance": "moyenne",
          "valeur": 2,
          "source": "Ethnologue",
          "source_url": null,
          "note": {
            "fr": "Utilisé comme langue de contact historique, mais déclin face au lingala et au français.",
            "en": "Used as a historical contact language, but declining in favour of Lingala and French."
          }
        },
        "patrimoine_ecrit": {
          "confiance": "haute",
          "valeur": 4,
          "source": "Publication académique",
          "source_url": null,
          "note": {
            "fr": "Première traduction de la Bible en langue africaine (1659), catéchisme kikongo de 1624.",
            "en": "First Bible translation into an African language (1659), Kikongo catechism of 1624."
          }
        },
        "presence_moderne": {
          "confiance": "basse",
          "valeur": {
            "wikipedia": false,
            "medias_internationaux": false,
            "traduction_auto": false,
            "tts_asr": false,
            "corpus_ouverts": false
          },
          "source": "Wikipedia",
          "source_url": null,
          "note": {
            "fr": "Présence numérique très limitée, absence de Wikipedia, de traduction automatique et de corpus ouverts.",
            "en": "Very limited digital presence, absent from Wikipedia, automated translation and open corpora."
          }
        }
      },
      "dates": [
        {
          "date": "1624-01-01",
          "precision": "annee",
          "intitule": "Catéchisme kikongo imprimé — un des premiers textes en langue africaine",
          "portee": "historique",
          "source": "Publication académique",
          "source_url": null,
          "verification": "a_verifier"
        },
        {
          "date": "1659-01-01",
          "precision": "annee",
          "intitule": "Première traduction de la Bible en kikongo",
          "portee": "historique",
          "source": "Publication académique",
          "source_url": null,
          "verification": "a_verifier"
        }
      ],
      "episode": {
        "numero": null,
        "invite": null,
        "statut": "prevu",
        "url": null
      },
      "lacunes": [],
      "derniere_revision": "2026-08-23"
    },
    {
      "id": "bambara",
      "identite": {
        "nom_fr": "Bambara",
        "endonyme": "Bamanankan",
        "iso639_3": "bam",
        "famille": {
          "phylum": "Nigro-congolais",
          "branche": "Mandé",
          "groupe_guthrie": null
        },
        "aires": ["ML", "BF", "SN", "NE", "CI"]
      },
      "statut": [
        {
          "pays": "ML",
          "statut": "langue nationale",
          "annee": 1992
        }
      ],
      "ecritures": [
        {
          "systeme": "Latin",
          "usage": "dominant, administratif",
          "annee": null
        },
        {
          "systeme": "N'Ko",
          "usage": "secondaire, commerçant",
          "annee": 1949
        },
        {
          "systeme": "Arabe (ajami)",
          "usage": "religieux, historique",
          "annee": null
        }
      ],
      "axes": {
        "vitalite": {
          "confiance": "haute",
          "valeur": 4,
          "source": "Ethnologue",
          "source_url": "https://www.ethnologue.com/language/bam",
          "note": {
            "fr": "Environ 15 millions de locuteurs. Langue la plus parlée au Mali.",
            "en": "Around 15 million speakers. Most spoken language in Mali."
          }
        },
        "rayonnement": {
          "confiance": "moyenne",
          "valeur": 2,
          "source": "Gouvernement malien",
          "source_url": null,
          "note": {
            "fr": "Langue nationale au Mali, mais faible présence dans les institutions panafricaines.",
            "en": "National language in Mali, but limited presence in pan-African institutions."
          }
        },
        "carrefour": {
          "confiance": "haute",
          "valeur": 4,
          "source": "Ethnologue",
          "source_url": null,
          "note": {
            "fr": "Lingua franca du Mali, langue de commerce dans toute l'Afrique de l'Ouest.",
            "en": "Lingua franca of Mali, trade language across West Africa."
          }
        },
        "patrimoine_ecrit": {
          "confiance": "moyenne",
          "valeur": 2,
          "source": "Publication académique",
          "source_url": null,
          "note": {
            "fr": "Grande tradition orale (griots), écriture N'Ko relativement récente (1949).",
            "en": "Great oral tradition (griots), N'Ko script relatively recent (1949)."
          }
        },
        "presence_moderne": {
          "confiance": "basse",
          "valeur": {
            "wikipedia": true,
            "medias_internationaux": false,
            "traduction_auto": false,
            "tts_asr": false,
            "corpus_ouverts": false
          },
          "source": "Wikipedia",
          "source_url": null,
          "note": {
            "fr": "Wikipedia disponible, mais traduction automatique, outillage vocal et corpus ouverts absents.",
            "en": "Wikipedia available, but automated translation, voice tooling and open corpora absent."
          }
        }
      },
      "dates": [],
      "episode": {
        "numero": null,
        "invite": null,
        "statut": "prevu",
        "url": null
      },
      "lacunes": [
        {
          "fr": "Pas de donnée vérifiée sur les médias internationaux en bambara",
          "en": "No verified data on international media in Bambara"
        }
      ],
      "derniere_revision": "2026-08-23"
    },
    {
      "id": "kabyle",
      "identite": {
        "nom_fr": "Kabyle",
        "endonyme": "Taqbaylit",
        "iso639_3": "kab",
        "famille": {
          "phylum": "Afro-asiatique",
          "branche": "Berbère",
          "groupe_guthrie": null
        },
        "aires": ["DZ", "FR"]
      },
      "statut": [
        {
          "pays": "DZ",
          "statut": "langue nationale",
          "annee": 2016
        }
      ],
      "ecritures": [
        {
          "systeme": "Latin",
          "usage": "dominant, numérique, militant",
          "annee": null
        },
        {
          "systeme": "Tifinagh",
          "usage": "secondaire, culturel",
          "annee": null
        },
        {
          "systeme": "Arabe",
          "usage": "religieux, historique",
          "annee": null
        }
      ],
      "axes": {
        "vitalite": {
          "confiance": "moyenne",
          "valeur": 3,
          "source": "Ethnologue",
          "source_url": "https://www.ethnologue.com/language/kab",
          "note": {
            "fr": "Environ 5 millions de locuteurs en Algérie, diaspora importante en France.",
            "en": "Around 5 million speakers in Algeria, significant diaspora in France."
          }
        },
        "rayonnement": {
          "confiance": "moyenne",
          "valeur": 2,
          "source": "Gouvernement algérien",
          "source_url": null,
          "note": {
            "fr": "Langue nationale en Algérie depuis 2016, mais faible présence dans les institutions panafricaines.",
            "en": "National language in Algeria since 2016, but limited presence in pan-African institutions."
          }
        },
        "carrefour": {
          "confiance": "basse",
          "valeur": 1,
          "source": "Ethnologue",
          "source_url": null,
          "note": {
            "fr": "Utilisé dans la région de Kabylie, mais pas comme lingua franca au-delà.",
            "en": "Used in the Kabylie region, but not as a lingua franca beyond it."
          }
        },
        "patrimoine_ecrit": {
          "confiance": "moyenne",
          "valeur": 3,
          "source": "Publication académique",
          "source_url": null,
          "note": {
            "fr": "Inscriptions tummaïres (Tifinagh) antiques, littérature berbère vivante.",
            "en": "Ancient Tifinagh inscriptions, living Amazigh literature."
          }
        },
        "presence_moderne": {
          "confiance": "moyenne",
          "valeur": {
            "wikipedia": true,
            "medias_internationaux": false,
            "traduction_auto": false,
            "tts_asr": false,
            "corpus_ouverts": false
          },
          "source": "Wikipedia",
          "source_url": null,
          "note": {
            "fr": "Wikipedia disponible, mais traduction automatique, outillage vocal et corpus ouverts absents.",
            "en": "Wikipedia available, but automated translation, voice tooling and open corpora absent."
          }
        }
      },
      "dates": [
        {
          "date": "2016-02-01",
          "precision": "jour",
          "intitule": "Le tamazight, dont le kabyle, devient langue nationale en Algérie",
          "portee": "nationale",
          "source": "Révision constitutionnelle algérienne de 2016",
          "source_url": null,
          "verification": "verifie"
        }
      ],
      "episode": {
        "numero": null,
        "invite": null,
        "statut": "prevu",
        "url": null
      },
      "lacunes": [
        {
          "fr": "Pas de donnée vérifiée sur les corpus ouverts en kabyle",
          "en": "No verified data on open corpora in Kabyle"
        }
      ],
      "derniere_revision": "2026-08-23"
    },
    {
      "id": "comorien",
      "identite": {
        "nom_fr": "Comorien (shikomori)",
        "endonyme": "Shikomori",
        "iso639_3": "swb",
        "famille": {
          "phylum": "Nigro-congolais",
          "branche": "Bantou",
          "groupe_guthrie": "G40-G42"
        },
        "aires": ["KM", "YT", "MG"]
      },
      "statut": [
        {
          "pays": "KM",
          "statut": "langue nationale",
          "annee": 1992
        }
      ],
      "ecritures": [
        {
          "systeme": "Latin",
          "usage": "dominant, administratif",
          "annee": null
        },
        {
          "systeme": "Arabe",
          "usage": "religieux",
          "annee": null
        }
      ],
      "axes": {
        "vitalite": {
          "confiance": "moyenne",
          "valeur": 3,
          "source": "Ethnologue",
          "source_url": "https://www.ethnologue.com/language/swb",
          "note": {
            "fr": "Environ 900 000 locuteurs. Ensemble des dialectes comoriens.",
            "en": "Around 900,000 speakers. Ensemble of Comorian dialects."
          }
        },
        "rayonnement": {
          "confiance": "basse",
          "valeur": 1,
          "source": "Gouvernement comorien",
          "source_url": null,
          "note": {
            "fr": "Langue nationale aux Comores, mais aucune présence au-delà des Comores et de Mayotte.",
            "en": "National language in Comoros, but no presence beyond Comoros and Mayotte."
          }
        },
        "carrefour": {
          "confiance": "basse",
          "valeur": 1,
          "source": "Ethnologue",
          "source_url": null,
          "note": {
            "fr": "Utilisé localement, pas de rôle de langue véhiculaire régionale.",
            "en": "Locally used, no role as a regional vehicular language."
          }
        },
        "patrimoine_ecrit": {
          "confiance": "basse",
          "valeur": 1,
          "source": "Publication académique",
          "source_url": null,
          "note": {
            "fr": "Tradition orale, écriture arabe pour les textes religieux, très peu de littérature écrite.",
            "en": "Oral tradition, Arabic script for religious texts, very little written literature."
          }
        },
        "presence_moderne": {
          "confiance": "basse",
          "valeur": {
            "wikipedia": false,
            "medias_internationaux": false,
            "traduction_auto": false,
            "tts_asr": false,
            "corpus_ouverts": false
          },
          "source": "Wikipedia",
          "source_url": null,
          "note": {
            "fr": "Présence numérique très limitée, absence totale de Wikipedia, traduction et outillage vocal.",
            "en": "Very limited digital presence, completely absent from Wikipedia, translation and voice tooling."
          }
        }
      },
      "dates": [],
      "episode": {
        "numero": null,
        "invite": null,
        "statut": "prevu",
        "url": null
      },
      "lacunes": [
        {
          "fr": "Pas de donnée vérifiée sur les médias numériques en shikomori",
          "en": "No verified data on digital media in Shikomori"
        }
      ],
      "derniere_revision": "2026-08-23"
    },
    {
      "id": "bekwel",
      "identite": {
        "nom_fr": "Bekwel",
        "endonyme": "Bekwel",
        "iso639_3": "bkw",
        "famille": {
          "phylum": "Nigro-congolais",
          "branche": "Bantou",
          "groupe_guthrie": "C10"
        },
        "aires": ["CG"]
      },
      "statut": [],
      "ecritures": [
        {
          "systeme": "Latin",
          "usage": "missionnaire",
          "annee": null
        }
      ],
      "axes": {
        "vitalite": {
          "confiance": "basse",
          "valeur": null,
          "source": "a_verifier",
          "source_url": null,
          "note": null
        },
        "rayonnement": {
          "confiance": "basse",
          "valeur": null,
          "source": "a_verifier",
          "source_url": null,
          "note": null
        },
        "carrefour": {
          "confiance": "basse",
          "valeur": null,
          "source": "a_verifier",
          "source_url": null,
          "note": null
        },
        "patrimoine_ecrit": {
          "confiance": "basse",
          "valeur": null,
          "source": "a_verifier",
          "source_url": null,
          "note": null
        },
        "presence_moderne": {
          "confiance": "basse",
          "valeur": {
            "wikipedia": false,
            "medias_internationaux": false,
            "traduction_auto": false,
            "tts_asr": false,
            "corpus_ouverts": false
          },
          "source": "a_verifier",
          "source_url": null,
          "note": null
        }
      },
      "dates": [],
      "episode": {
        "numero": null,
        "invite": null,
        "statut": "prevu",
        "url": null
      },
      "lacunes": [
        {
          "fr": "Toutes les données à vérifier — langue quasi-documentée",
          "en": "All data to be verified — largely undocumented language"
        }
      ],
      "derniere_revision": "2026-08-23"
    }
  ],
  "faits": []
}